The DATE and TIME values are represented using DATE, TIME, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP and YEAR data type.  Each type has a range of valid values including the ZERO value.The TIMESTAMP has special auto update behavior.

The following table shows the format of the zero value for each type.

Data Type	“Zero” Value
DATE	'0000-00-00'
TIME	'00:00:00'
DATETIME	'0000-00-00 00:00:00'
TIMESTAMP	'0000-00-00 00:00:00'
YEAR	0000

There are different DATE and TIME functions that can be used to manipulate  temporal values.

Name	Description
ADDDATE()	Add time values (intervals) to a date value
ADDTIME()	Add time
CONVERT_TZ()	Convert from one timezone to another
CURDATE()	Return the current date
CURRENT_DATE(),CURRENT_DATE	Synonyms for CURDATE()
CURRENT_TIME(),CURRENT_TIME	Synonyms for CURTIME()
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(),CURRENT_TIMESTAMP	Synonyms for NOW()
CURTIME()	Return the current time
DATE_ADD()	Add time values (intervals) to a date value
DATE_FORMAT()	Format date as specified
DATE_SUB()	Subtract a time value (interval) from a date
DATE()	Extract the date part of a date or datetime expression
DATEDIFF()	Subtract two dates
DAY()	Synonym for DAYOFMONTH()
DAYNAME()	Return the name of the weekday
DAYOFMONTH()	Return the day of the month (0-31)
DAYOFWEEK()	Return the weekday index of the argument
DAYOFYEAR()	Return the day of the year (1-366)
EXTRACT()	Extract part of a date
FROM_DAYS()	Convert a day number to a date
FROM_UNIXTIME()	Format UNIX timestamp as a date
GET_FORMAT()	Return a date format string
HOUR()	Extract the hour
LAST_DAY	Return the last day of the month for the argument
LOCALTIME(),LOCALTIME	Synonym for NOW()
LOCALTIMESTAMP,LOCALTIMESTAMP()	Synonym for NOW()
MAKEDATE()	Create a date from the year and day of year
MAKETIME()	Create time from hour, minute, second
MICROSECOND()	Return the microseconds from argument
MINUTE()	Return the minute from the argument
MONTH()	Return the month from the date passed
MONTHNAME()	Return the name of the month
NOW()	Return the current date and time
PERIOD_ADD()	Add a period to a year-month
PERIOD_DIFF()	Return the number of months between periods
QUARTER()	Return the quarter from a date argument
SEC_TO_TIME()	Converts seconds to 'HH:MM:SS' format
SECOND()	Return the second (0-59)
STR_TO_DATE()	Convert a string to a date
SUBDATE()	Synonym for DATE_SUB() when invoked with three arguments
SUBTIME()	Subtract times
SYSDATE()	Return the time at which the function executes
TIME_FORMAT()	Format as time
TIME_TO_SEC()	Return the argument converted to seconds
TIME()	Extract the time portion of the expression passed
TIMEDIFF()	Subtract time
TIMESTAMP()	With a single argument, this function returns the date or datetime expression; with two arguments, the sum of the arguments
TIMESTAMPADD()	Add an interval to a datetime expression
TIMESTAMPDIFF()	Subtract an interval from a datetime expression
TO_DAYS()	Return the date argument converted to days
TO_SECONDS()	Return the date or datetime argument converted to seconds since Year 0
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()	Return a UNIX timestamp
UTC_DATE()	Return the current UTC date
UTC_TIME()	Return the current UTC time
UTC_TIMESTAMP()	Return the current UTC date and time
WEEK()	Return the week number
WEEKDAY()	Return the weekday index
WEEKOFYEAR()	Return the calendar week of the date (0-53)
YEAR()	Return the year
YEARWEEK()	Return the year and week

 

We will look at some of the functions which have been mentioned in above table:

1. DATE(expr):

Example:

mysql> SELECT DATE('2014-02-10');
+---------------------------+
| DATE('2014-02-10')        |
+---------------------------+
| 2014-02-10                |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT DATE('2014-02-10 01:20-02');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| DATE('2014-02-10 01:20-02')                   |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2014-02-10                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2. DATEDIFF(Expr1, expr2):

Gives the difference between the date parts in days.

mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2000-10-02','2000-09-01');
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| DATEDIFF('2000-10-02','2000-09-01')                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
|                                  31                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)

mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2000-10-02','2000-11-01');
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| DATEDIFF('2000-10-02','2000-11-01')                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
|                                 -30                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3. DAYNAME(Date)

This function returns the day of the month for the date. And will return number between 1 and 31.

 

mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2002-02-29');
+----------------------------------------------+
| DAYOFMONTH('2002-02-29')     |
+----------------------------------------------+
|                     NULL     |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.06 sec)

mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2002-02-28');
+----------------------------------------------+
| DAYOFMONTH('2002-02-28')     |    
+-----------------------------------------------+
|                       28     |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2004-02-29');
+----------------------------------------------+
| DAYOFMONTH('2004-02-29')     |
+----------------------------------------------+
|                       29     |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

In the first example, as 2002-02-29 was not a leap year, the output was given as NULL.

In the third example, 2004-02-29 being a leap year, 29 day was displayed.

Similar to DAYOFMONTH(date), there is DAYOFWEEK(date) which gives output in range of 1 to 7 and DAYSOFYEAR(date) which gives output in range of 1 to 366.

4. DATE_FORMAT(date,format)

This function will format the date value according to the format specified. The formats can be specified as below. % should be preceeding the character.

Specifier	Description
%a	Abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
%b	Abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
%c	Month, numeric (0..12)
%D	Day of the month with English suffix (0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, .)
%d	Day of the month, numeric (00..31)
%e	Day of the month, numeric (0..31)
%f	Microseconds (000000..999999)
%H	Hour (00..23)
%h	Hour (01..12)
%I	Hour (01..12)
%i	Minutes, numeric (00..59)
%j	Day of year (001..366)
%k	Hour (0..23)
%l	Hour (1..12)
%M	Month name (January..December)
%m	Month, numeric (00..12)
%p	AM or PM
%r	Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss followed by AM or PM)
%S	Seconds (00..59)
%s	Seconds (00..59)
%T	Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
%U	Week (00..53), where Sunday is the first day of the week
%u	Week (00..53), where Monday is the first day of the week
%V	Week (01..53), where Sunday is the first day of the week; used with %X
%v	Week (01..53), where Monday is the first day of the week; used with %x
%W	Weekday name (Sunday..Saturday)
%w	Day of the week (0=Sunday..6=Saturday)
%X	Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V
%x	Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %v
%Y	Year, numeric, four digits
%y	Year, numeric (two digits)
%%	A literal .%. character
%x	x, for any.x. not listed above

mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2010-07-23','%Y %b %d');
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATE_FORMAT('2010-07-23','%Y %b %d')     |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 Jul 23                              |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)

5. DATE_ADD(date, INTERVAL units) and DATE_SUB(date, INTERVAL units)

These functions perform the date arithmetic that is addition and subtraction of dates by the interval mentioned. The interval can be of days, months, years, seconds etc. The intervals that can be given are as below:

unit Value	ExpectedexprFormat
MICROSECOND	MICROSECONDS
SECOND	SECONDS
MINUTE	MINUTES
HOUR	HOURS
DAY	DAYS
WEEK	WEEKS
MONTH	MONTHS
QUARTER	QUARTERS
YEAR	YEARS
SECOND_MICROSECOND	'SECONDS.MICROSECONDS'
MINUTE_MICROSECOND	'MINUTES.MICROSECONDS'
MINUTE_SECOND	'MINUTES:SECONDS'
HOUR_MICROSECOND	'HOURS.MICROSECONDS'
HOUR_SECOND	'HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS'
HOUR_MINUTE	'HOURS:MINUTES'
DAY_MICROSECOND	'DAYS.MICROSECONDS'
DAY_SECOND	'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS'
DAY_MINUTE	'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES'
DAY_HOUR	'DAYS HOURS'
YEAR_MONTH	'YEARS-MONTHS'

 

 

mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2001-01-01',INTERVAL 1 DAY);
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATE_ADD('2001-01-01',INTERVAL 1 DAY)    |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2001-01-02                               |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
Here the date was advanced by 1 day.
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2001-01-01',INTERVAL 1 MONTH);
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATE_SUB('2001-01-01',INTERVAL 1 MONTH)     |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2000-12-01                                  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Here the month was subtracted by 1.
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2001-03-03 21:23:01', INTERVAL '5:4' MINUTE_SECOND);
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATE_ADD('2001-03-03 21:23:01', INTERVAL '5:4' MINUTE_SECOND)     |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2001-03-03 21:28:05                                               |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)